What is Mellitus ( Diabetes ) ? Details-Cause-Symptoms-Traetments

What is Mellitus ( Diabetes ) ? Details-Cause-Symptoms-Traetments

 

What Is diabetes (Mellitus)?

Important details

 

From 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014, there were more persons with diabetes. In low- and middle-income nations compared to high-income nations, prevalence has been increasing more quickly.

Diabetes is a significant risk factor for renal failure, heart attacks, strokes, lower limb amputation, blindness, and other conditions.

 

The age-specific death rates for diabetes rose by 3% between 2000 and 2019.

An estimated 2 million people perished in 2019 as a result of diabetes and renal illness.

Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed by a good diet, consistent exercise, keeping a normal body weight, and abstaining from tobacco use.

With proper dietary habits, frequent exercise, medication, and screening, diabetes may be managed and its effects can be postponed or prevented.

 

Symptoms

 

How high your blood sugar is affects the symptoms of diabetes. Some patients, particularly those with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, might not exhibit any symptoms. The symptoms of type 1 diabetes typically appear more abruptly and are more severe.

 

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes both exhibit the same symptoms:

 

·         being thirstier than normal.

·         regularly urinating

·         unintentional weight loss

·      ketones found in the urine. Ketones are a consequence of the metabolism of fat and muscle that takes place when there is insufficient insulin available.

·         being weary and feeble.

·         irritated or exhibiting other behavioural abnormalities.

·         vision that is hazy.

·         being afflicted with wounds that take a long time to cure.

·         receiving several infections, including those of the gums, skin, and genitalia.

  

Overview

Diabetes is a chronic condition that develops when the body either cannot utilise the insulin that the pancreas makes properly or does not create enough of it. Blood glucose is controlled by the hormone insulin. Uncontrolled diabetes frequently results in hyperglycemia, also known as high blood glucose or raised blood sugar, which over time can seriously harm many different bodily systems, including the neurons and blood vessels.

 

Among persons 18 and older in 2014, 8.5% had diabetes. 1.5 million fatalities in 2019 were directly related to diabetes, and 48% of all diabetes-related deaths occurred in those under the age of 70. Diabetes also contributed to 460 000 renal disease fatalities, and elevated blood glucose is thought to be responsible for 20% of cardiovascular mortality

 

Age-standardized death rates from diabetes increased by 3% between 2000 and 2019. The death rate from diabetes climbed 13% in lower-middle-income nations.

 

Conversely, between 2000 and 2019, the global risk of dying between the ages of 30 and 70 from any of the four major noncommunicable illnesses (cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes, or cardiovascular disorders) fell by 22%.

 

disease type 2

Type 2 diabetes, also known as non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes, is brought on by the body's inefficient utilisation of insulin. Type 2 diabetes affects more than 95% of patients with diabetes. The main causes of this form of diabetes include being overweight and being physically inactive.

Although they are frequently less severe, type 2 diabetes symptoms may resemble those of type 1. As a result, the condition may not be discovered until after its beginning, when problems have already developed.

This kind of diabetes was exclusively observed in adults until recently, but it is now increasingly common in kids.

 

diabetes type 1

Deficient insulin production is a hallmark of type 1 diabetes, sometimes referred to as insulin-dependent, juvenile, or childhood-onset, which need daily insulin therapy. Type 1 diabetes affected 9 million people in 2017, the majority of whom reside in high-income nations. Its aetiology and methods of prevention are unknown.

 

Polyuria (excessive excretion of urine), thirst (polydipsia), excessive appetite, weight loss, visual abnormalities, and exhaustion are some of the symptoms. These signs might appear out of nowhere.

 

diabetic pregnancy

Pregnancy-related hyperglycemia is defined as blood sugar levels that are higher than usual but lower than those that are indicative of diabetes. Pregnancy is when gestational diabetes develops.

Pregnancy and delivery problems are more likely to occur in women with gestational diabetes. Future type 2 diabetes risk is elevated for these mothers and presumably for their offspring as well.

Prenatal testing rather than reported symptoms is used to identify gestational diabetes.

 

impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance

Between normalcy and diabetes, there are two intermediary conditions: impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG). Although it is not a given, those with IGT or IFG are at a significant risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

 

influence on health

 

Diabetes can cause long-term harm to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves.

 

1.     Adults with diabetes are two to three times more likely to get heart attacks and strokes.

2.  The likelihood of foot ulcers, infections, and eventually the requirement for limb amputation increases when neuropathy (nerve degeneration) in the feet is combined with decreased blood flow.

3.    The tiny blood vessels in the retina experience cumulative, long-term damage that results in diabetic retinopathy, a significant cause of blindness. Diabetes causes almost a million individuals to go blind.

4.      One of the main factors contributing to kidney failure is diabetes.

5.      Poor outcomes for various viral illnesses, including COVID-19, are more prevalent in diabetics.

 

Prevention

Type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed with lifestyle changes, according to research. People should: to aid in preventing type 2 diabetes and its problems.

attaining and maintaining a healthy body weight is important, as is being physically active by engaging in frequent, moderate-intensity activity for at least 30 minutes most days. More exercise is needed to maintain a healthy weight, along with eating a nutritious diet free of sugar and saturated fats and abstaining from cigarette use, which raises the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

 

diagnosis and therapy

Blood glucose testing, which is not very costly, can help with early diagnosis.

Diabetes is treated by reducing blood glucose and other recognised risk factors for blood vessel damage, as well as by diet and exercise. In order to prevent difficulties, it's crucial to stop smoking.

In low- and middle-income nations, the following interventions are both practical and cost-effective:

regulation of blood sugar, especially in type 1 diabetes. Type 1 diabetics need insulin, while type 2 diabetics can be managed with oral medications but may additionally need insulin;

regulating blood pressure; and

the treatment of the feet (patient self-care by maintaining foot hygiene; wearing appropriate footwear; seeking professional care for ulcer management; and regular examination of feet by health professionals).

Other cost-cutting measures include:

Blood lipid control (to lower cholesterol levels), screening for early indicators of diabetes-related kidney damage, and therapy for retinopathy, which results in blindness.